This study integrates a driving simulator and microscopic traffic simulation tool to evaluate the impact of autonomous shuttles on driving behavior and safety in a university campus environment. Two scenarios were developed: one featuring a conventional shuttle and another with an autonomous shuttle, allowing a direct comparison of driver perceptions under identical conditions. Results show that perceived safety was higher for conventional shuttles (Mean: 5.909) compared to autonomous shuttles (Mean: 2.818), while stress levels remained consistent across both scenarios. These findings highlight critical human factors and challenges in integrating autonomous shuttles, offering empirical insights into their behavioral and safety implications in mixed-traffic environments.      «

This study integrates a driving simulator and microscopic traffic simulation tool to evaluate the impact of autonomous shuttles on driving behavior and safety in a university campus environment. Two scenarios were developed: one featuring a conventional shuttle and another with an autonomous shuttle, allowing a direct comparison of driver perceptions under identical conditions. Results show that perceived safety was higher for conventional shuttles (Mean: 5.909) compared to autonomous shuttles (...     »