In an electrochemical fuel cell the energy gained from an oxidation reaction is converted immediately into electrical current. This means, that the electron transfer does not happen directly from one reactant to the other, but passes over two electrodes and an external electrical circuit comprehending the power consumers. Anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction of the respective reaction partners occur in half cells separated by an ion conductor. One common fuel in technical applications is methanol, which, in contrast to hydrogen, is liquid at room temperature, hence exhibiting many advantages in practical handling. Each methanol molecule carries four hydrogen atoms, which are comparably easily cut off and oxidized, gaining energy in the latter step. Methanol is either converted into a hydrogen-rich gas in a reformer attached to the fuel cell, or it is directly electrochemically oxidized to water and carbon dioxide at the anode of a so-called \"Direct Methanol Fuel Cell\", which is the process mainly investigated in this thesis. During the direct anodic electrooxidation of methanol a number of slowly reacting intermediates is produced, e.g., carbon monoxide. These so-called \"poisons\" tend to quickly accumulate at the surface and cover it to an extend inhibiting any further adsorption of methanol, thus causing the overall reaction to slow down and stop. A sufficiently fast diminishing of these poisons by oxidation is achieved at platinum ruthenium electrodes, at which ruthenium offers oxygen containing species by water dissociation already at comparably low potentials. This work focussed on the optimum structure and composition of such platinum-ruthenium electrodes, and new insights could be attained by systematically studying well-defined model electrodes. An apparatus allowing for a combination of surface investigations by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in an ultrahigh vacuum environment with classical electrochemical characterization techniques in an attached electrochemical cell has been built up. Certain structural features, especially the presence of low-coordinated ruthenium atoms (e.g., at step edges or defects), turned out to be essential for the electrocatalytic activity of the respective surfaces. The exact surface composition, on the other hand, appeared to play a minor role within a range between 15 % and 30 % ruthenium, in which the comparably largest current densities are attained. Moreover, the actual mathematical nature of the current-time-curves at constant potential, which are recorded since the early 1990s to characterize the activity of platinum-ruthenium surfaces towards methanol oxidation, could be elucidated. Surprisingly and in contrast to earlier assumptions, the current density does not reach any steady-state value, but rather follows a reciprocal linear function, approaching zero as a function of time. This can be attributed to a process deactivating or poisoning the electrode, which occurs in a second-order kinetics. Some possible mechanisms are suggested, but the actual nature of the deactivation is still subject of ongoing research. It was further demonstrated, that technical electrodes do not show this deactivation behavior, or at least to much less extend, which might be attributed to their rather fine-grained or porous structure. This became apparent in a study of some type of model surfaces in a condition between technical electrocatalysts and smooth model electrodes. The found connections between atomic structure and electrochemical activity are likely to support a further improvement of the fabrication process of technical fuel cell electrodes.
«In an electrochemical fuel cell the energy gained from an oxidation reaction is converted immediately into electrical current. This means, that the electron transfer does not happen directly from one reactant to the other, but passes over two electrodes and an external electrical circuit comprehending the power consumers. Anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction of the respective reaction partners occur in half cells separated by an ion conductor. One common fuel in technical applications is meth...
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